Democracy Is The Superior System Of Government - 950 Words

In order for humanity to live in peace, avoiding constant chaos, a form of government is necessary to place the greater good above the interests of the individuals. Far too often does the government take hold of power evolving into a type of tyranny. The one exclusion to the countless forms of tyrannical governments is Democracy. Its sole purpose being to protect the general will of the people and allow each individual the opportunity to express themselves.The minority is able to have a voice just as loud as the majority in a lot of ways. It keeps the people happy and free within their own private sphere’s and has put into place a lasting social contract, one that has survived hundreds of years. Democracy is the superior system of government that allows its citizens many freedoms that are not allowed in other systems of government. The power of the people is what gives Democracy the ability to govern, any other power placement cannot be defined as a Democracy. The good way of life can be described as one which inhibits everyday individuals the opportunity to exercise all inherent personal freedoms. These inherent personal freedoms include, but are not limited to: the freedom of expression, the freedom to live, and the freedom to choose. These freedoms are the keys to having a good life in which one is able to live with absolute freedom. However, as attractive as absolute freedom seems within a society one person’s inherent freedom can be harmful to another person’s inherentShow MoreRelatedSpartan Oligarchy1099 Words   |  5 PagesSuperior Spartan Oligarchy Superiority is defined as being of higher grade or quality. And while the Athenian democracy has been able to become somewhat of a staple in modern society, in its time, it was the Spartan’s oligarchic system that allowed them to create such a strong society. It was a society that thrived on its strong political system based around a strong military. It is undeniable that in the time in which they both existed, the Spartan Oligarchy was superior to the AthenianRead MoreThe State Of The Electoral College1077 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tyranny naturally arises out of democracy.† These words from the Greek philosopher Plato summarize the most fundamental concern of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention when they considered what the best way to conduct presidential elections would be. While, in concept, democracy sounds like the fairest form of government, in practice, it is less than ideal. Fear of â€Å"tyranny of the majority† prompted discussion o ver how the president should be elected. The Founders chose the ElectoralRead More Democracy Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesDemocracy has become the most widespread political form of government during the past decade, after the fall of all its alternatives. During the second part of the 20th century, the 3 main enemies of democracy, namely communism, fascism and Nazism, lost most of their power and influence. However, democracy is still only to be found in less than half of this worlds countries. China with a fifth of the total population had never experienced a democratic government and Russia still doesnt have aRead MoreDahl, on Democracy Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesDemocracy has become the most widespread political form of government during the past decade, after the fall of all its alternatives. During the second part of the 20th century, the 3 main enemies of democracy, namely communism, fascism and Nazism, lost most of their power and influence. However, democracy is sti ll only to be found in less than half of this worlds countries. China with a fifth of the total population had never experienced a democratic government and Russia still doesnt have aRead MoreEssay on Direct Democracy vs Representative Democracy954 Words   |  4 PagesDirect Democracy vs Representative Democracy The term Democracy is derived from two Greek words, demos, meaning people, and kratos, meaning rule. These two words form the word democracy which means rule by the people. Aristotle, and other ancient Greek political philosophers, used the phrase, `the governors are to be the governed, or as we have come to know it, `rule and be ruled in turn. The two major types of democracy are Representative Democracy and Direct Democracy. ClearlyRead More Direct Democracy Vs Representative Democracy Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesDirect Democracy vs Representative Democracy The term Democracy is derived from two Greek words, demos, meaning people, and kratos, meaning rule. These two words form the word democracy which means rule by the people. 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Essay on Men and Women in Nontraditional Sports as...

Men and Women in Nontraditional Sports as Portrayed in Film Women and men play various sports because they as Americans want to experience the excitement of playing for fun, and doing something they love. The idea of what men and women can do for fun in sports has been shaped by the American society in many different ways through the media, schooling and education, and professional sports organizations. America portrays women playing field hockey and doing synchronized swimming while men do boxing, and body building. If a woman chooses to do boxing because to her it is fun and if a man chooses synchronized swimming because he likes it, they face many cultural costs and benefits of choosing this sport. Society does not like change and†¦show more content†¦The judges were forced to make an ambiguous line between what the difference was between a man and a woman. The costs of this sport may be unfair judging of the bodybuilders because the judges are still divided on what makes a womans feminine form better. The bodybuilders had to deal with assumptions of the public that accuse them of unnatural or homosexual. A main character, Bev Francis had to frequently insist that she was a woman not a man, and she was faced with the questioning of her sexuality. Bevs muscles, dress, heavy facial features, and unfeminine body language evoke the stereotype of what a lesbian looks like: the butch, the lesbian who is immediately recognizable as such, visibly different. Bev had a strong belief that she looked like a woman and that she was beautiful and strong. A risk she faced was being hurt by the publics comments about her body and sexuality. The social and cultural costs of being a male playing non-traditional sports does not seem as severe as it does because men are not driven away from sports. Women are constantly being driven away from any sport from the fear of being labeled as unfeminine or lesbian. Men who want to play non-traditional sports will probably be more likely to be stereotyped as gay, or feminine. But if a man plays a traditional male sport, he will not be subjected to unwanted assumptions or sexual advances. Men do not benefitShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : The First Day Of Class1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences in not only male and female sexes, but importantly, their gender. Throughout the A League of Their Own their was gender role behaviors and attitudes. The males in the film were displayed aggression, especially toward females. Aggression was shown in many ways such as sarcasm and yelling. Jimmy Dugan, a main character in the film as the Rockford Peaches’ coach, is rude with his remarks . 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Reflection on a business education course Free Essays

string(54) " if there exist a difference, between these footings\." Contemplation harmonizing to Walker E. S ( 2006 ) P 216 has been defined as â€Å" a procedure sing believing about and researching an issue of concern, which is triggered by an experience † . This merely means that for there to be a contemplation, there has to be an experience, irrespective of it being positive or negative. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on a business education course or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leaver- Dunn et Al were besides noted in Walker E. S ( 2006 ) p 216 that contemplation has the ability to separate between the expert practicians and their equals. To get down with and looking manner back to the beginning of this peculiar class it is interesting to observe that being an international pupil from Nigeria and analyzing Marketing Communications in the University of Bedfordshire was an experience ne’er to be forgotten, Is have been through assorted signifiers of transmutation, since the session started in September 21st,2009. Transformation theory, that was ab initio developed by Jack Mezirow, â€Å" identifies a procedure of alteration that begins with an experience one can non integrate into the mental matrix built from anterior life experience, and which normally includes the undermentioned constituents: a disorientating quandary, self scrutiny, a critical appraisal of premises, the acknowledgment that others have gone through similar procedures, the geographic expedition of options for organizing new functions, relationships or actions, the preparation of a program of action and reintegration into the experience with new, transformed positions † . Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Talking about transmutation, i personally come from a state that the educational system is wholly different from that of Europe, peculiarly the United Kingdom. I was able to come to footings with the fact that at that place existed a school calendar that will be purely followed and one saw myself in an organized scene. At first I had jobs coming to footings with being the lone Nigerian miss in my category until subsequently when I was joined by another chap from my place state, this gave me a spot of assurance as to confronting the ambitious class. In the words of Aileen C. and Elaine E, ( 2004 ) they wrote that exhaustively reflecting on pattern is really a cardinal characteristic of effectual acquisition, they went on to specify contemplation as concentrating on the immediate, thereby showing the inside informations of a job or undertaking. As an person I agree with the demand to reflect or instead concentrate on the immediate, this will decidedly assist to do corrections for the hereafter and non do the same errors already made if at all there was any. Further in the words of Horton-Deutsch. S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008, p 947 ) contemplation involves â€Å" believing about experience, which leads scholars to a Fuller apprehension of what they know and increases their possible for leading † . Besides true in my position is the statement of Horton-Deutsch, who wrote that it is of import to reflect or believe back on the experience, which will in bend improve the person ‘s cognition about a peculiar state of affairs or increase the possible for greater highs. In most instances it is believed that the experience for analyzing abroad has great potency for transforming international pupil. I must state one went through some phases of transmutation such as meeting alteration, prosecuting in contemplation, reconfiguring perceptual experiences and re-acclimating to the state of affairs. Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Worthy of note is the point that throughout my survey in my place state, there has ne’er been an chance for me to reflect, this made it instead impossible for me to hold a re-think on my errors, and there was besides no chance to do corrections. 5.2 WHAT DOES REFLECTION MEAN? Cunliffe, ( 2004, p. 414 ) defines contemplation â€Å" as the agencies or procedure through which an experience in the signifier of idea, feeling, or action, is examined to analyse its significance while it is go oning or later † . Kember et al. , ( 2000 ) , wrote that contemplation does stand for a point on a acquisition continuum which is so characterised by wont at one terminal and critical contemplation at the other. To Schon ( 1983 ) contemplation is referred to as the ability to rethink one ‘s anterior ideas and action in context, both to come up premises every bit good as to do significance. Contemplation, as written in Klenowski V and Lunt I ( 2008 ) is largely specifying with respects to conceptual constituents and theoretical positions. Horton-Deutsch S and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) explained that â€Å" Reflection is about larning from experience, a critical facet of cognition development and a skill indispensable to leading development † . They both went on to reason on the footing that contemplation goes far beyond ordinary empirical knowing, but it besides combines personal and ethical ways of cognizing. Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005 ) wrote that the indispensable importance of contemplation is to larn from experiences. Woerkom M ( 2010 ) referred to reflection in Deweyan ‘s position as instrumental acquisition ; he went farther to observe that it is the appraisal of premises implicit in beliefs about how to work out jobs. In this peculiar definition, contemplation therefore besides includes an component of unfavorable judgment but refers more to instrumental thought, which is concerned with how to work out a job. In contrast, Mezirow defines critical contemplation as turn toing the inquiry of the justification for the really premises on which jobs are posed or defined in the first topographic point and scrutiny of their beginnings and effects. Critical contemplation can non go an built-in component in the immediate action procedure but requires a suspension in which to reevaluate one ‘s significance positions and, if necessary, to transform them. Critical self-reflection refers to the most of import acquisition experience. It means reevaluating the manner we have posed jobs, our ain significance positions, every bit good as reevaluating our ain orientation to perceiving, cognizing, believing, feeling, and moving. Some of the bookmans perceived contemplation, as critical contemplation or critical thought. It is hence frequently non clear what the difference is, or even if there exist a difference, between these footings. You read "Reflection on a business education course" in category "Essay examples" Dewey, who is perceived as the laminitis of the construct of contemplation, sometimes uses the footings â€Å" brooding thought † and â€Å" critical thought † interchangeably. Scott. G.S ( 2010 ) 5.3 RECOLLECTIONAND PROCESS OF REFLECTION OF REFLECTION The theoretical model for contemplation harmonizing to Korthagen F and Vasalos A ( 2005, p48 ) is referred to as ALACT theoretical account. This theoretical account is said to trust on the premise that â€Å" by nature people reflect on their experiences † . The theoretical account besides describes a structured brooding procedure, but on the other manus, the theoretical account did non take note about the content of contemplation. On the other manus Scott. G S ( 2010 ) p 434 argued that the benefit of contemplation has got extended theoretical support in literature, though Scott ‘s definition of contemplation is non without its ain statement. He went on to compose that the critical theoreticians ‘ contemplation is considered to â€Å" necessitate the surfacing of premises relative to state of affairss and surrounded steadfastly power dealingss, control and the transmutation of belief and values † . Reflection was interchangeably used by direction theoreticians as â€Å" personal, psychological alteration instead than societal alteration † Scott. G.S ( 2010 ) P 434 The function of pupil contemplation is an incorporate acquisition procedure, and contemplation has three phases: a reappraisal of experience, analysis, and re-evaluation ( Peltier, A ; Drago, 2004 ; Peltier et al. , 2005 ) . The initial phase of this procedure is the reappraisal of experience and presupposes consciousness. That is, it presupposes that the experience in inquiry has been brought into consciousness. The term ‘reflection ‘ is often used really slackly and this can easy befog the disciplined and ambitious nature of such acquisition. Reynolds ( 1999 ) distinguishes between critical contemplation an attack in which both experience and its societal and political contexts are examined, contemplation which focuses on the person and gives small attending to societal or political procedures, and critical thought, a term which he argues is ‘usually used to mean a disciplined attack to job work outing ‘ ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 173 ) . He went on to claim that in the direction literature â€Å" critical contemplation † is being used in the weaker sense to depict thoughtful analysis or job work outing ‘ ( Reynolds, 1999, p. 177 ) . With respect to contemplation and acquisition, Argyris and Schon distinguish between individual cringle and dual cringle acquisition. For the exercising of individual cringle larning it is possible ‘by observing and reflecting on our ain actions, to do a description of the silent knowing implicit in them ‘ ( Schon, 1987, p. 25 ) .This enables us to analyze and measure such cognition. However, dual cringle larning involves non merely reflecting on one ‘s actions, but besides researching the premises and ‘theories-in usage ‘ which are embedded in those actions. Walsh ( 2009 ) 5.4 PERSONAL FEELINGS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCE The uncomfortableness that was felt at the beginning of the thesis was overpowering. It all started the first twenty-four hours that we were told to fix for the first thesis presentation, as I faced the fright I still was able to garner cognition. I wondered in the beginning if I could get by with the work in front of me, but with the encouragement of wise mans i was able to confront it and transport on. Brooding thought is to be used to heighten determination accomplishments, cultural sensitiveness, and teamwork, non merely express feelings or record in a diary what occurred, McInnis-Bowers et Al. ( 2010 ) In the words of Scott S G ( 2010 ) contemplation, is referred to as â€Å" the procedure of rethinking one ‘s anterior ideas and actions in context to come up premises and do significance. Contemplation represents one point on a acquisition continuum that is characterized by wont at one pole and critical contemplation at the other † . During the class of my survey peculiarly during the period I was composing up my thesis, the experience I had has thought me to believe in myself and halt thought I can non make it. It has thought me to ever confront my undertakings with whatever challenges that come with it. From this experience I have realised that there is no two ways about wining except through difficult work and there is a stating that goes therefore Proper, Prepara tion, Prevents, Poor, Performance 5P ‘s. The first feedback I had with my group members for the advancement in the Trident run which marked the boot off for the concluding thesis. It did non look a good start to me, because my group had a batch of things to work on and it was obvious non every group member was willing to work. Although the feeling did non function as a drawback it merely meant Is had to work harder. On that twenty-four hours we were advised on the three critical facets of the thesis which included the run program and study, literature reappraisal and eventually the contemplation. Before we attended the 2nd feedback, myself and the other three group members met on three occasions where we delegated work to each member on the undertaking in front, most of the clip it was two of the four members that was active, and on several cases i personally encouraged them to set in more attempt so we all can accomplish success at the terminal of the piece of work. The 2nd feedback which was on the ten percent of March, was attended by two supervisors and once more I was non happy with myself as no thorough research was done, my input was non good plenty and when we were asked what our run scheme meant, none of my group members could react, this became a spot cheerless. Looking frontward to a 60 unit faculty I felt truly down, but so it became a challenge. The job that was posed was the inability to set literature together to endorse our statements up but at the latter phase things got better. Again in the beginning it looked like we had trouble construing the brief, as we came up with several propositions, aims and scheme which seemed non to do sense, for this ground the undertaking became more competitory as the other two groups had the same subject and it seemed my group was non doing a head manner. 5.5 GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCE Within my group I happened to be the lone female amongst three cats and i thought this ground will do them more active than one am but the contrary was the instance, this was the ground why in the beginning I had assorted feelings about working within a group, as it seemed everyone had a degree of understanding and this means it takes a superb one to be able to accomplish success. I had no pick at that point as we had a small group of 12 in the full selling communications, Masterss ‘ grade category, which made it truly obvious to be able to separate between the brilliant and dull pupils. Several times i was non happy with the groups i fall into, but with finding to stand out I normally face it, and i ne’er regretted my determinations as I ne’er failed a group work. Harmonizing to Moon ( 2004, p. 136 ) â€Å" when sing the university position on experiential acquisition and contemplation, it becomes evident, that the fact ‘that all instruction comes about through experience does non intend that all experiences are truly or every bit educative ‘ he besides argued that a differentiation needs to be made between what she footings ‘informal contemplation ‘ and ‘academic contemplation ‘ the latter being a formal procedure † . Walsh ( 2009 ) At a point during the group meetings i became so unhappy and one told other group members i was no longer interested in the work though this was non a true statement from my bosom, I was likely excessively disquieted, but with clip I was able to quiet myself down and get by even though things did non work out as planned On several occasions at that place existed misinterpretation and I personally found out that there was demand for these misinterpretation as it helps in traveling frontward most of the clip. Again many at times a member within the group was used to stating he works better under force per unit area and this did non travel good with me as Is do non work good under force per unit area, alternatively i do the opposite significance I program my clip and i appreciate clip direction and non fire brigade attack in transporting out my undertaking. Many times after a misinterpretation at that place exist duologue and apologies will be made by the necessary group members and so the undertaking continues, interestingly we tend to accomplish more at this clip. Another point worthy to observe at this clip is that working within a group gives a cognition about the office environment, where one will be working with other members of staff and if a undertaking is to be carried out, there will be no chance to take who to and who non to work with. Each clip one think of this I am encouraged to get by within any group I find myself and seek to corporate and have a good squad spirit. Contemplation so, in the words of Scott G S ( 2010 ) P 432 is the procedure or agencies by which an experience, in the signifier of idea, feeling, or action, is examined to condense its significance while it is go oning or later. Contemplation is fodder for self-regulation in an environment where what we define as utile and effectual behavior alterations continuously. With mention to the words of Scott ( 2010 ) I had different reactions to every state of affairs that I was faced with, ever believing back that I had a grade in a different educational scene and now a Masterss in Europe. At that point it was obvious something was non right as the first and 2nd feedback did non give a positive consequence, but something one held on to was the words given by the supervisors, which i pondered on, one went on to direct my piece of work to the coachs over the cyberspace, once more small betterment was made, it all became distressing but one ne’er give up. What happened following? I suggested we needed to run into a coach and get down afresh, interesting, we approached him and he was happy to take us aright, every group member attended this meeting and things began to alter. From the proposition, mark audience, scheme and really many utile advices was given. Most significantly we were told to include some theories of acquisition and contemplation to buttress some points, this period was a good precious one as it marked the beginning of a bend around. My function within the group was a really critical one as the other members do reach me to cognize what the following measure was, I was ever be called upon to split the undertaking and explicate what we did so far including the hereafter program. I enjoyed making this as I have ever seen myself as a magnetic leader, of class a leader by illustration. 5.6 LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE PROJECTS When one negotiations of success narrative, that does non literarily intend the consequences for the thesis is out already but the fulfillment and the joy that comes to mind cognizing fundamentally that the group work and the single portion was done and submitted in due clip is worthy of note. Soon after the summer vacation started two of the four group members did go to their place state go forthing merely two people to cover with the work. Sincerely things went slow but at each clip a meeting was arranged and there was advancement at every meeting coupled with misinterpretations. On the eighth of June, we had a concluding group presentation with feedback, which marked the concluding twenty-four hours of the class, to our greatest surprise the proposition we have changed clip and clip once more, mark audience cleavage and the tag line began to pass on, it became obvious that the group was on path even though the existent presentation got lost in a missing flash thrust. The group was advised to make more research and understand the mark audience and what needs to be done to pass on the trade name ( Trident masticating gum ) is the scheme and execution. Throughout this same month and July communicating continued on-line as it became a spot hard to run into in the university since the library closed earlier than usual. Each portion of the run was dealt with strictly and the power point slides were put together so the study followed afterwards. Scott G. S ( 2010 ) p 433 was before quoted in the study where he noted that John Dewey is considered a cardinal conceiver of believing about contemplation. Dewey argued in his ain words that reflective persons have certain features, which includes open-mindedness, which illustrates the will power within an person to accept rational duty for one ‘s ain positions, heartiness this merely means, a willingness to face frights and uncertainnesss, and eventually enthusiasm. Contemplation is concerned with patterns and actions, particularly professional pattern in Fieldss such as school instruction ( Allen, 1992 ; Beyer, 1989 ; Collier, 1999 ) , nursing ( Burns A ; Bulman, 2000 ) , societal work ( Fook, 1996 ) , and direction â€Å" communities of pattern † ( Welsh A ; Dehler, 2004 ) . Reflection besides generates enquiry and a hunt for significance ; it provides the possible to see things in a manner they have non been understood earlier. More merely, brooding pattern contributes to larning. What I have learnt that will be everlastingly utile to me is the ability to dialogue, this a really of import instrument peculiarly in a group work scenario. Again it is good to listen to the leader as two wrongs can ne’er do a right, it is wholly unjust when squad members refuse to listen to the leader, and evidently things will non travel good. I have besides learnt that in the hereafter I understand clearly the footing of my undertaking before one kick off with work on it, as this delayed my group from traveling frontward during the presentation, as though we were traveling about within the same circle, before we got our precedences right. â€Å" The agencies of contemplation is most frequently dialogue through which subjective and nonsubjective experience is processed, questioned, and significance is made of it. Reflection through duologue demonstrates pupils ‘ larning through their ability to gestate what they have learned, the significance it has for their present and future, and the acknowledgment that they are neither the same individual as they were a few old ages antecedently nor should they anticipate to be a few old ages therefore. Baker, Jensen, and Kolb ( 2002 ) labelled this attack to larning â€Å" the wrong-side-out attack. † Scott G. S ( 2010 ) P 433 5.7 Decision In reasoning this contemplation study it is interesting to observe that â€Å" acquisition can be considered as a procedure of debate in which thought, reflecting, sing and action are different facets of the same procedure † . It is besides a practical debate with oneself and in coaction with others that really forms the footing of larning. ( Pavlica et al. 1998: 145 ) in Corley A and Eades E ( 2004, P 138 ) During the reappraisal of literature it was noted harmonizing to Jeffrey D et Al. ( 2000 ) that contemplation is non an wholly new procedure and some authors trace it to the work of Socrates, they went on to depict contemplation â€Å" as a procedure of withdrawing from or stepping back from an experience and taking clip to intentionally and carefully reexamine it, believe about it and build significance from it, nevertheless contemplation is said to hold a past, present and future component. In this study the author has been able to reflect by and large about the past experience, looking through the beginning of the selling communications maestro ‘s grade foremost feeling, through to the present clip which has to make with the experience while composing up the thesis, it is besides interesting to observe that the author besides discussed briefly of future outlooks and larning from the past experience that can positively impact the hereafter work. Having reflected on my experience from first twenty-four hours of university up until the yearss of my concluding thesis, I will state Is have really enjoyed the full procedure. Meeting friends from other parts of the universe was a good thing to retrieve, with no exclusions of my coachs who were ever at that place, and willing to assist with whatever need we might hold during the class of survey. However one quit e agree with the thought of personal contemplations as it gives the chance to believe back and do damagess as required. This in bend will hold a positive consequence on an person. Mentions Miriam Catterall, Pauline Maclaran, and Lorna Stevens ( 2010 ) Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 24 No. 3, December 2002 184-192 Scott. G Susanne ( 2010 ) Enhancing Reflection Skills through Learning Portfolios: An Empirical Test. Journal of Management Education 34 ( 3 ) 430-457. The Author ( s ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Fuguan Tan ( 2009 ) Tri-fold Transformation: An International Adult Student ‘s Contemplations on Online Learning. Walker E. S ( 2006 ) . Journal Writing as a Teaching Technique to Promote Reflection Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 41, No 2 p216-221 Klenowski Val and Lunt Ingrid ( 2008 ) Enhancing larning at doctorial degree through the usage of contemplation. Taylor A ; Francis Walsh Anita ( 2009 ) Modes of Reflection: Is it possible to utilize both single and corporate contemplation to accommodate the ‘three-party cognition involvements ‘ in workplace acquisition? European Journal of Education, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2009, Part I _1389 385 Aileen Corley and Elaine Eades ( 2004 ) ‘Becoming ‘ critically brooding practicians: faculty members ‘ and pupils ‘ contemplations on the issues involved. Pp. 137-144. Human Resource Development International, Taylor and Francis Limited Horton-Deutsch Sarah and Sherwood Gwen ( 2008 ) Contemplation: an educational scheme to develop emotionally- competent nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 946-954 Doyle, Wendy ; Young, Jeffrey D ( 2000 ) .Managing Development: Making the most Experience and Reflection. Fall2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p18 Marianne new wave Woerkom, ( 2010 ) Advances in Developing Human Resouces. The Concept of Critical Reflection and Its Deductions for Human Resource Development Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol. 6, No. 2 p 178-192 How to cite Reflection on a business education course, Essay examples

Personal Essay- College Transfer Essay free essay sample

I counted minutes for y favorite class to start and once it started, I used to get sucked into lectures so deep not realizing how time went by. I became aware and confidant about changing my major to psychology. Upon my second semester of my freshmen year, I learned from the administration that my school does not offer the major am now planning to pursue. In fact, my school does not even offer bachelors degree. I have visited Emory University this summer and even met with some psychology professors.I was impressed of Memorys highest ranking status among the other universities in southeast region. By attending Emory, I am looking forward in hoping to expand and extend my knowledge in psychology, participate in more psychology related work, and volunteer to work and cooperate with psychology professors. My intentions for transferring are simply for the academic and educational purposes. I have met many good people and made good friends at my currents school. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Essay- College Transfer Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My professors are well educated.I originally choose GAP because it felt like home. It was neither populated, nor far from my house. However, am willing to push myself for new environment, adventures, and challenges. My academic achievement that shows in my transcripts proves of my ability to meet the standards and readily face the challenges of Emory University. The university and its program in psychology completely match my interests. Am hoping and looking forward in attending a program and pursue my bachelors degree in the field of psychology.

The Sound Of Ghostface Killah Shattering Preconceived Notions Of Art And The Modern Aesthetic Essay Example For Students

The Sound Of Ghostface Killah Shattering Preconceived Notions Of Art And The Modern Aesthetic Essay Some might view the Ghostface Killah song Holla, off his 2004 LP The Pretty Toney Album, as being a minimalist, lazy, unoriginal, nonsensical, or just plain bad piece of art, if it is indeed even art; such critics, however, miss the postmodern genius of the Wu-Tang member and Theodore Unit founders radical aesthetic. After all, similar charges were leveled against poets like Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and William Carlos Williams, who are now firmly entrenched in the literary canon of Western civilization, and contemporary painters like David Salle, who pioneered American visual postmodernism with a succde scandale in 1980s New York. We will write a custom essay on The Sound Of Ghostface Killah Shattering Preconceived Notions Of Art And The Modern Aesthetic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ghostface produced Holla himself. At first glance, this seems to fall more in line with the punk do it yourself aesthetic than any sort of postmodernism. However, in the context of this song, producing simply means Ghostface chose the song he wanted to rap over, in this case The Delfonics 1968 smash hit La La (Means I Love You). Because of this unique nature, an analysis of Holla is not possible without at least a cursory glance at the song that serves as its backdrop. This song, an enduring classic of soul in common time, was produced by Thom Bell and Stan Watson. It begins with the high-pitched sample of a fiddle, with a light drum loop that persists throughout the song. The fiddle soon drops out, leaving the drums, whose perseverance mirrors that of the main singer, who is determined to win the target of his affection despite his lack of wealth (Now I dont wear no diamond ring). While he cannot compete with his fellow suitors materially, he makes up for it in sincerity: while their lines dont mean a thing, he says in the first verse, he adds in the second that the things I am sayin are true. His earnestness is also evident in the longing nature of his voice, the way he cannot even find words to express his feelings, saying instead that la la la la la la la la la means I love you, accented by harmonizing with the other Delfonics and a more classical sounding string sample with a romantic affect. After a short instrumental interlude, the singer once more asserts his sincerity before the hauntingly iconic chorus repeats, fading into the background, as the addressee of the courtship interjects oh, youll have to understand. This repetition combined with what we can only assume is the beginning of a rejection gives the song a tragic poignance. With this preliminary analysis out of the way, we can proceed to the heart of the matter: Ghostfaces work of art, Holla. And indeed it is art, even though the only technical production he does is sample his fellow Wu-Tang member going BLAOW! while he raps over La-La (Means I Love You). We do not question Ezra Pounds status as artist, and his magnum opus, the Cantos, are a re-telling of Dantes Divine Comedy that rely heavily on classical mythology. We do not challenge David Salles claim to artistic integrity, and every single figure in his paintings comes from another work of art. So why are the standards different for Ghostface when he chooses a classic song as a background for his own (admittedly challenging) lyrics, especially when he does it in such a creative way, playfully interacting with the Delfonics song while presenting his own coherent verbal vision? It is likely that it is simply a reflection of the general societal attitude towards hip-hop. Despite commercial success and numerous scholarly studies from musicologists, music theorists, anthropologists, and many other academics in various fields, the mainstream refuses to accept hip-hop as a legitimate art-form. The song itself, as mentioned before, has incredibly minimal levels of production; Ghostface simply raps over the song, not even bothering to change the levels of the vocals or instrumentation. While this technique or lack thereof is minimalistic in theory, in practice it often leads to a cluttered feel, as Ghostfaces vocals vie for primacy with those of the Delfonics, sometimes dominating, sometimes being drowned out. .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .postImageUrl , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:hover , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:visited , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:active { border:0!important; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:active , .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u25c9e15c3c094dfec9a84c7b36dd8e7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Monotheism Vs Polytheism EssayIndeed, one can hardly call La-La (Means I Love You) the background track, as the same emphasis is given to it as Ghostfaces rapping. This is not indeed, cannot be a sign of laziness or incompetence on the part of Ghostface. It would not have been difficult for him to take the vocals out of the track, or at least lower their level. Ghostface is not an underground rapper with severe fiscal and temporal constraints; so, it must have been a conscious, deliberate decision. If we accept that the choice was intentional, then, it becomes not only unique but bold and revolutionary. Like Salle, the founding father of American postmodern painting, Ghostface takes the consensus view of his medium and turns it on its head, defying all aesthetic expectations. One counter-argument is that anyone with basic audio software could place vocals over another song. So what separates the artist like Ghostface from the amateur sitting in his basement imagining himself a member of the Bomb Squad? One obvious difference is the vocals themselves. Few could write lyrics like Ghostface, and even fewer could match his explosive, emotionally dynamic, almost melodramatic flow. Holla is not only saturated with end rhyme, but also contains masterful flourishes of internal rhyme (Bartenders nervous, afraid to serve us, bad service/Un-smacked him on purpose and see this drunk come and burp us) and assonance (Paper chasers, Starky stayed up in the makings). In addition to this elevated mode of poetic speech (in Roman Jakobsons words, Ghostface projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection to the axis of combination), Ghostface gains artistic integrity through his innovative use of La-La (Means I Love You). Salle once described the difference between amateur and artistic collage by saying that an artists collage is different in that it has a coherent theme: anyone can cut and paste pictures together, not anyone can cut and paste pictures of various motifs with symbolic significance together. Because sampling is indeed a kind of sonic collage, this description is analogous to Holla, and because Ghostface did not arbitrarily choose a Delfonics song over which to rap, he is an artist. The juxtaposition of the Delfonics poignant song of unattainable love with Ghostfaces lyrics of trademark Wu-Tang bravado (as reinforced by the samples of ODB shouting BLAOW, which come from the song shame, a practical mission statement of Wu-Arrogance) is striking. While the Delfonics sing about taking a true love into your arms, Ghostface sings about wreck yall lames and throw the Tec to your brain. Also striking is Ghostfaces actual interaction with the lyrics of the older song. The titular word, taken from the chorus, serves to play on the Delfonics song. As guest artist Allah Real sings Holla holla holla if you want to, I love you, the final syllable in holla coincides with the Delfonics las, as does the final I love you. As the Delfonics croon I dont wear a diamond ring/I dont even have a song to sing, Ghostface concurrently raps We dont need no diamond rings/All we need is a drum like, fuck it, he can rhyme, Ill sing. Though temporally these lines are practically equivalent, one can interpret it as the ideal response to the line in the Delfonics song, the one the singer never got from the apologetic but distant object of his affection. Through this ingenious interplay of his own lyrics with the lyrics of the song he raps over, as well as the very juxtaposition of the two jarringly dissimilar songs, Ghostface Killah creates a brilliantly original work of art that challenges as all of hip-hop does to some extent preconceived ideas of what constitutes art. However, Ghostface takes it even further than his peers, blasting through the barrier of modernism into the brave new world of the postmodern.

Film Study Essay

Film Study Essay Film Study Essay INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL FILM SEMESTER I 2009-2010 BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN vs. PLEASANTVILLE Number of words: 1048 Battleship Potemkin is a 1925 silent film, whereas Pleasantville is a 1990’s movie based on a story that is set in the 1950’s . Many different techniques have been used in order to create special effects outlining the main ideas of both movies. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the use of colours, sounds and the movements of the cameras that suggest the political theme in both films. Firstly, I am going to be discussing the different colours used in both movies. Its use is fundamental in putting across the basic message of the films: In Pleasantville it suggests that change is an indispensable part of life, whereas in Battleship Potemkin the use of only black and white colours emphasizes the fact that it is an old movie. It is entirely a black and white production that shocked for its use of violence, but also a silent one that â€Å"reaches the emotions on a visual level†(Mayer, 1990). It explains the story of the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin that revolted against their executives representing the Tsarist system. This sequence suggests the desire for freedom and autonomy of the Russian empire. In Pleasantville, the director, uses colours to show the differences between two worlds. Black and white images represent a world of morality where people must respect the law. For example, the idea of sex is meaningless to them. Colours are used to express a world of opportunities: an exciting place where rules are broken and new things are discovered, like the pleasure of reading. Colours also represent the modern society, while black and white are related to the traditional society, ruled by strict conventions. Once the two siblings (Bud and Mary) appear, the pleasant world, presented in a TV sitcom becomes to change. They bring new conceptions into the world converting the black and white background and people into enriched ones, contrast that defines aspects of human conditions. In the clip that shows the court case, the people in black and white have power whereas those that are portrayed in colour are segregated in the upper part of the room. This can be seen as discrimination and racism, a common problem in the world today, too. The court case was caused as a consequence to the fact that the pleasant world started to change and rules began to be broken. . More and more people started to do something they desired and this desire went beyond the limits of society. By discovering the joy of life or the feeling of a disappointment they turned coloured. Those that didn’t accept any change in their lives, like the mayor, saw this as an immoral and unusual fact. Different colours that are used have different meanings. For example, in this clip of the court case Bud wears a blue T-shirt, which could be associated with a reasonable and confident person, qualities that help him say what he thinks in front of some of the citizens of Pleasantville. This relates to the political theme of the movie by presenting all the important people in the town that take decisions gathered altogether. Secondly, the use of camera and the editing play important roles in making movies. In Battleship Potemkin, the director expresses his own theory, known in film language as â€Å"montage†. The so-called â€Å"the Soviet montage† could be clearly seen in the most famous scene in the film, known as Odessa steps. It shows the mass execution of the citizens of Odessa by the Tsar’s representatives, as an episode of the Russian Revolution. This clip has a dramatic effect on viewers; its purpose is to portray Russians as a powerful and influential nation, after a catastrophic loss in the First

Retail Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail Industry - Essay Example Time and again Non profit organizations have raised issues against the big retailing giants especially Tesco and Asda. Find below news published in the various dailies Body: The allegations and accusations of various NGO's and papers on ethical and socialist issues against the retailers are a recurring occurrence right from the early 1900's. The trade unions, Human rights activists, consumer protection right activists, organizations that safe guard the interests of small farmers and suppliers, and the small entrepreneur's organizations, are all in their own way trying to protect their interest by constantly seeking help from the media and the government regulatory bodies to support them in their cause. The goal for this paper as stated in the beginning is to identify, investigate and validate this lobbying and come to a consensus based on the findings. Let us go through a few statistics before we get deeper in the issue. The giants Tesco and Asda are always in the spot light on any of the allegations that comes from any corner some of the allegations are based on statistical data from various sources which is detailed below: Asda Wal-Mart offered a 10% pay rise 340 of its drivers and warehouse workers in Durham if they left the trade union GMB. Asda was subsequently fined for these offerings as it was illegal inducements to its workers. Sharing the benefit: Tesco announced 2.5 billion in the year 2007 17.9 million was the total annual pay to the 16 board of directors in Tesco, one of the most expensive boards according to the Ecologist in May 2007. The Tesco chief received a 25% pay hike in 2006 taking his income to almost 4 million. A Tesco employee with an average salary will have to work for 345 years to get that income. Eroding competition and the impact on independent retailers: These large retailing giants have simply rung the death bell for small and independent entrepreneurs and most importantly deprived consumers of choices. During the 1960's independent retailers had a 60% market share which in now reduced to 6%. Almost 2000 independent retailers close shop each year. 7337 independent retailers shut down between the years 2000 and 2004. 'According to the High street Report 2015 - All parliamentary small shops group' -By 2015 all independent and small convenience stores would have disappeared. The issues mentioned above are extremely critical and vital. Health, rights, choice and fair price for the goods sold (suppliers). Let us look at the

Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law of Tort - Essay Example Carroll, v Fearon D , negligently manufactured a tire that led to a fatal accident on a motorway owing to its disintegration. This case did not attribute any specific negligent act to the manufacturer. Therefore, the judge held that either there was no requirement to specify the particular persons responsible for the defects, or the particular negligent act or omission. The disintegration of the tire accrued owing to the fault committed during the manufacturing process. In this case, the manufacturer was in confusion to explain how the fault connected to negligence. The duty of the judge is to identify negligent act . Negligence is the act of an individual to exercise due care. An act is negligent if the wrongdoer knew foresaw the outcome of the act one is negligent if the action done ought to take all reasonable foreseeable measures to ensure that the other party by his omissions or deeds is not injured by his omissions or deeds. In Heaven v Pender the defendant was negligent by not ensuring that the ropes in good condition before using them to hold the dock. Duty of care means the conditions, which give rise to an obligation to take care. Duty of care is the obligation to ensure that damage is not caused by observing due care . Duty of care exists where a person reasonably might suffer an injury, damage, or loss because of another person’s actions and the other person owes the first duty of care. There are two forms of duty of care, duty recognized by law and duty brought about by the circumstances. Where law has not provided for the duty of care, the test of the foreseeable plaintiff applies; the duty is not owed to the world at large, but just to a person within the extent of the harm created, that has been for the foreseeable victim5. The duty of care serves two purposes the first is to provide a framework for various situations in which liability may arise. It assists in showing where an individual is liable to another or owes the other a duty. The other purpose is to limit claims related to the negligence of a party; it sets the boundaries from which a party could claim due to negligence. One is supposed to observe standard care in order to ensure that they do not breach the duty of care. The only way a plaintiff can succeed in any action is by establishing a duty of care. Actions cannot withhold where no duty is established. In Gates v Mckema D6, a stage hypnotist caused psychiatric damage to a volunteer from the audience. Held the level of precaution expected should be that of a reasonably careful exponent of stage hypnotism-factor to consider-standard of care skill required. Standard care in this case is the care an individual is supposed to observe in order to ensure others are not injured or suffers losses. In Marshall v Osmond7, D while in pursuit of an escaping criminal, slammed on to the car crashing it. The presiding judge interpreted that the duty of care by the police officer was the same as that owed by any other . The duty to exhibit such care and skill was reasonable since the accident was unavoidable. He also ruled that, driving alongside another car in the police attempt to make an arrest was erroneous. This is because his judgment in the case did not amount to negligence. The factors that affect the duty of care are the balance of the involved dangers and the

Discussion of question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion of question - Essay Example As clearly expounded, one of the most easily identifiable measures of results is sales activities, which was defined therein as â€Å"activities that do not alter the physical, financial, or demographic realities of the community, but rather inform and persuade firms and investors. They include calls on firms, speeches to Rotary Clubs, public relations, advertising, writing and dissemination of brochures, attendance at trade shows and other events, and "networking."3 These activities, also synonymous with marketing activities are easily measured from one point in time to another. Thus, it is an effective gauge of an economy’s progress or regress, depending on the outcome that is measured. However, from the article written by Blair and Reese, the authors have indicated that â€Å"enhancing quality of life is emerging as an important economic development (ED) strategy.† 4 Therefore, not only do government officials focused on aiming to generate sales activities, but more so, the need to address issues that enhance the quality of life, is of equal importance. These reasons actually â€Å"helps local government look good and it secures the position of the economic developer and his or her agency† 5 Economic indicators such as sales or marketing activities, as well as opportunities to enhance quality of life through greater access to health care, for instance, or immediate response by the police force in addressing criminality within the locality, are measures that make the image of economic legislators and policy makers either good or bad, in the perceptions of the citizens. Therefore, these government officials make economic development a priority in the list of government programs that are earmarked to be addressed on a year to year basis. Furthermore, as the economy grows, citizens and businesses give back to the community in terms of higher purchases and taxes which provide

What Extent Is English A Global Language?

What Extent Is English A Global Language? There are numerous different languages are being used throughout the world. Since there are too many different languages, a global language is produced. A language can achieve this status only when it is important to the world activities such as communication between countries, trading between different countries across the world and culture. It plays an important role and it is recognized by every country (Crystal, 2003). Crystal (2003) reports that English has already reached this stage and there are nearly a quarter of the worlds population around 1.2 to 1.5 billion people is already know and use English. Nowadays, English is the most widely spoken language in the world. English has become a global language not because of it is both easy to learn and is superior to other language but it has strong power base. The thesis of this essay is divided into a few parts, first look at what is a global language and what makes a language global then why English become a global language. Global language means a language which is using around the world and it is important to the world operation and influencing the domains of the human activity in the world. For example, global language is usually uses to write songs, use to trading throughout the world and communication between countries in the world. Global language is important to the world operation and a global language is needed in the world. A language has two mains ways to become global. It can be an official language and foreign language of countries. Official language means a language which wildly used as medium of communication, such as media, the domains as government and the education system (Crystal, 2003). It also can be the first language of few countries. Crystal (2003) claims that a language can have a global status when it is used by other countries around the world. Since a language cannot become global only use by itself. Foreign language means a language teaching in school which has no official status. A mother-tongue language becomes the foreign language and the official language is the step to make the language become global since a language cannot have a global status when it is not taken by the other countries. And English has finished the step to become an international language. English has become an international language not because it is easy to learn. There is no language is easy to learn and better, the difficulty of a language is depend on different learner and Lutz (2010) points that it depends on which level of the learner want to achieve, the higher level, the more difficult. Ellis (1985) says that age, aptitude, cognitive style, motivation and personalities are the five main aspects which separate individual learner differences in a different level. This means the difficulty of language are depends on learner. Ellis (1985) reports that aptitude is a main factor to divides the language learner to different level. If a learner has a good aptitude and a effective way to study a second language, the language will become easier. Learner motivation also is a important factor that make a learner learn a second language success. A learner can likely learn a second language to be success when the motivation is high. Crystal (2003) reports that the intrinsic structural properties, the size of its vocabulary or it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past or it was once associated with a great culture or religion are the motivation of some learner to learn a language but not the reasons make the language become global. English has become an international language also not because it is superior to other language. Crystal (2003) says that there are many people claim that a language can become global because its sense beauty, clear expression or religious standing and these are the misleading beliefs. Language can become a global language not because the beauty of the language and the number of people who speak it but who speak the language. There are some properties of English makes it become global appealing but the characteristics of the language are not the main reason to be worth to learn but the relative importance between the language characteristics and the internationally value. This make a language be more appealing but not superior to the other languages. English may be more appealing than other languages but not superior to languages. Crystal (2003) says that language can become a global language not because the beauty of the language and the number of people who speak it but who speak the language. English can become a world language mainly because of the strong military power and economic power. Crystal (2003) shows that a language cannot become global without strong power-bases, such as political power, military power and economic power. These are the dominance of the language which makes a language become global. The military power is the main reason to make a language become a global language. When a country has a strong military power, the others need to listen to the language spoken by the people in that country. Which means it makes that language is used in many countries. Between the world war two, Britain set up a lot of colonies. English became the official language and foreign language of the colonies. This is very important to be the official language and foreign language of the colonies because it is a important step to make a language become global. English must be taken by others countries to become global because a language cannot become global when it is only use by the countries which English is the mother-tongue. So English become the official language and foreign language of the colonies becomes the base of English to become a global language. an economic power is still needed to maintain and expand the status of the language. Economically power became a main aspect which maintain and expand the status in the start of twentieth century. The economic start to growth and develop around the world and there are many new markets were born. There were many new technology are invent. Communication between countries is needed to develop the economic and market. Country has a stronger economically power, the first language of that country will become more important and it can maintain it longer and expand it to larger through the economy. Crystal (2003) claims that Britain had be come the worlds headmost industrial and trading country at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The growth of economy of the English is the fastest in the world. These built the foundation of English in the world through the colonies and the economy. These are the two mains reasons to give English a global status. In conclusion, English has become an international language is not because it is both easy to learn and is superior to other language because there is no language is superior to other language and the difficultly of a language is depend on the individual learner differences. The reasons why English can become a global language because the military and the economic power of the countries which speak English And English was in the right place at the right time. (Crystal, 2003:7-10) English set up the base to the world through out the world by Britain colonies. English is also maintained and expended by the economically power and military power of Britain and USA. That the reason why English can become the global language and why English can still be the global language until now. (1262 words)

Stem Cell Research is Murder :: Argumentative Essay, Argument

The stem cell research controversy is one of the major headlines in bioscience and has been discussed and debated numerous times throughout the last decade or so. It became a major issue in 1997/1998 and continued to the 2000’s where George W. Bush joined to the problem by vetoing the first bid that was brought forward by Congress to lift funding restrictions on human embryonic stem cell research. Bush stated after the veto that, â€Å"would support the taking of innocent human life in the hope of finding medical benefits for others† and also he stated â€Å"It crosses a moral boundary that our decent society needs to respect†. Bush was also supported by children that he said, â€Å"began his or her life as a frozen embryo that was created for in vitro fertilization (in vitro means the technique of performing an experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living organism) but remained unused after the fertility treatments were complete†¦ These boys and girls are not spare parts†. Later on that year, Bush signed a bill to ban the creation of human fetuses for the sole purpose of harvesting organs. Soon a fter, the House proposed another bill that they had hoped him to sign to promote efforts to conduct stem cell research without destroying human embryos. Bush had called it â€Å"an important piece of legislation†, but several politics said that it would distract attention from his veto for the funding for human embryonic stem cell research. Researchers and officials say that about 400 000 frozen embryos are stored at several U.S. fertility clinics with the vast majority await removal because couples that have produced these embryos do not want to raise them and also don’t want another person(s) to raise their biological child. One problem that I think is an issue in the stem cell debate is the destruction of the stem cells and how it’s practically the same thing as destroying a human being. I don’t believe that researchers and scientists should continue using embryonic stem cells for research because we are obviously not finding a cure for human diseases yet although for animals we are, it’s just not right to destroy a human being if we cannot find treatments for major diseases within a decade or so.

Criminal Justice Theories Essay

A brilliant philosopher once remarked that man is by nature good. Evil, according to him is the result of ignorance or the lack of knowledge. When crime is committed it is because of the limitation and imperfection of his present knowledge. Though it may be true that no man is morally corrupt by nature, Socrates’ explanation of the presence of crime and evil in our society does not suffice to answer the question why people offend and commit crime. Why is it that even the highest ranking CEOs of multinational companies manage to steal money from their investors and stockholders? It does not explain why even educated people become criminal offenders and violators of the law. This could only mean that there is more to crime than just the goodness or badness of the individual. It is because of this reason that Sociologists have turned to other causes or factors that may influence human behavior into committing crimes. This has resulted in several theories attempting to explain crime and deviance. These theories are Social Control Theory and Labeling Theory which will be discussed in this essay. Social Control Theory proceeds from the assumption that man is by nature delinquent and is capable of committing crimes. Instinct drives human behavior to commit crime. Travis Hirschi, the proponent of Social Control Theory, asserts that despite man’s inclinations to commit crime, it can be controlled and his behavior can be regulated so as to make man conform to certain social rules or laws. He says that this could be done by strengthening man’s social bonds with the people around him. These social bonds include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. The stronger these social bonds are, the more committed a person is to conventional activities and the greater his attachments to his parents and friends, the less likely it is that he will engage in delinquent behavior. Conversely, once this social bond is weakened then it is likely that individuals will engaged in delinquent behavior. (Reginald J. Alston, 1995, p. 3) Thus, according to E. A. Ross the most effective means for controlling and regulating behavior is not the enactment of laws and the threats of punishment but the belief and value systems that helps man obey with the rules. Labeling Theory Labeling Theory did not give much attention to crimes but to the labels that people attach to certain individuals or to certain acts. For example all people have at one time violated rules. But not all persons are labeled as criminals. Only those people who are actually caught or whose deviant acts are disclosed to the public that are considered criminals. A person who is labeled as a criminal begins to think of himself as a criminal and begins to associate with other deviants thus reinforcing the stigma that society attaches to deviants. According to the results of a study conducted by Mike S. Adams (2003) perceived negative labels were related to increased involvement in self-reported delinquent behavior. The study also showed that teachers and peer groups are important sources of negative labels which can lead to the adoption of a deviant self-concept. (p. 4) Labeling Theory states that the labels we apply to certain individuals have a significant influence his behavior. It is natural to classify or categorize things the problem with this is that the people do not realize the negative unintended effects of these labels. There are times when this labeling could scare a person and help him or her conform to the norms of the society. But most of the time labeling has the effect of pushing the person farther away from the society. The effect of this is that the person loses interest in conforming to the laws. He then places himself in the shoes, so to speak, of the label that society has imposed and he acts in such a way that is consistent with his label. Comparison and Contrast The first point of comparison between these two theories is that they both acknowledge the society’s influence on human behavior. In the case of Social Control Theory, socialization and interaction with other members of the society helps in regulating human behavior so as to make man conform to and obey social rules. It reduces man’s propensity to engage in deviant behavior. On the other hand, Labeling Theory affirms the society’s influence on the way a person sees himself and the way he thinks and behaves. Negative perception of the society leads to negative behavior on his part. The second point of comparison is that both these theories see the individual as the result of his interaction with the community. In the case of Social Control Theory, man is defined by his relationships with other, his commitments, values, norms and beliefs. If he has a strong bond with the society it is likely that he will conform to existing rules or laws but if this bond is weak then he becomes more vulnerable to committing deviances and crimes. On the other hand, in Labeling Theory, the individual’s construction of self-identity is seen as a result of his interaction with the members of his community and the way others perceive him. (Craig Calhoun p. 1) If he is judged and labeled by the society as a criminal then it is likely that he will think of himself as a criminal and act like one. . These two theories can be distinguished in the sense that Social Control Theory focuses on the reason why some people adhere and conform to existing rules. It is not actually a theory that explains why people commit crime but it explains the reasons why some people obey the laws. (Paul Delfabbro, 2004, p. 4) On the other hand, Labeling Theory focuses on why people commit crimes. It does not explain why some people obey laws but it does explain why some of us commit crimes. Another distinction is that Labeling Theory is a political rather than a sociological attempt to explain deviant behavior since political relations within the society have so much to do with the giving of labels. It does not deal with the morality of human action but rather it deals with the effects of the attitudes and perceptions of people and defines criminals not as evil persons who engage in wrong acts but as individuals who had a criminal status placed upon them by both the criminal justice system and the community at large. (â€Å"Overview of Labeling Theories†) Conclusion The theory which best explains the reason why people engage in delinquent behavior is the Social Control Theory. Not only that it explains why crime does happen in the society but it also provides for the solution to this problem. This theory supports the proposition that a punitive model of our justice system is not an effective solution to crime. Due attention must be given to alternative forms of response to crime such as giving more focus on rehabilitation and social integration. It would be better if the state instead of allocating millions of dollars for our penal system to allocate some of this money to educating parents and strengthening of communities by means of various sports and recreational program for the youth.

Is the constitution effective? Essay

The United States Constitution is questioned all of the time. Disagreements about the powers of national government and the rights of states have been frequent. Combined with the separation of powers, the protection of civil liberties, and the ability to create a national identity, the Constitution cannot be considered anything else but effective. The Constitution has lasted the nation this long, and many things concerning the Constitution have been debated. But, the Constitutions effectiveness cannot be questioned. At the Philadelphia Conference, where the constitution was signed and put the final touches on, the men who created the document wanted to make sure that monarchy would never rule over anyone of the U.S. again. The founding fathers did this by creating a separation of powers, with 3 branches of government; Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. With powers separated between these branches, it would ensure that the country would never fall under tyranny, and it never has. State and federal powers were also separated, giving state governments a little freedom to make their own laws, but still abide by all of the national laws as well. The founding fathers of the Constitution tried their best to create an effective part of the government where certain powers were separated, and they did just that. Read more: How did the constitution guard against tyranny essay Civil liberties are basic rights guaranteed by laws or by a constitution. Usually when an American thinks of civil liberties, they think of the Bill of Rights, but the Constitution itself protects itself from tyranny. Many articles and amendments in the Constitution were put there for the only reason but of the people, and to protect their rights. These articles and amendments cover everything from religious freedom to the right to a fair trail, the Framers really thought of everything the people needed to be protected from at that time. Some would argue that the Constitution was written for the society back in 1787, and not for a modern society, but a person’s basic needs to live are the same as they were in that time. Perhaps it is because of all of these rights Americans are given that they are taken for granted of. After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. needed to break away from England, and create and image and identity for itself. The U.S needed to show that they  weren’t Britain’s little colony anymore, it was a country with a strong government. The Constitution gave the United States the identity it needed. It is a strong document, giving the federal government power, while at the same time letting the individual states keep some of their sovereignty. After the Constitution was signed, the economy grew, the nation slowly came out of debt, and the United States earned respect, while showing how effective their new government was. The Constitution is a very effective document that helped the United States in many ways. The Framers never wanted to have tyranny rule over the nation, and it hasn’t because of this document. The Constitution protects the rights of the people, as well as maintains a strong central government the people can rely on. The Constitution has lasted the United States this long with great success, so who is anyone to question it’s effectiveness?

Marx and Weber1 essays

Marx and Weber1 essays Both Carl Marx and Max Weber wrote extensively on capitalism, its origins, and its future. Although, they agreed on a few very small points, for the main part, they strongly disagreed. Only through the analysis of their main differences in the two ideologies can a stronger and broader understanding of capitalism be reached. Marx believed strongly in what he called dialectical materialism, that is, that everything is material and that change takes place through the struggle between classes. He believed that men make their own history and transform their natural habitat to fit their changing needs. Men begin to distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence. . . In producing their means of subsistence men indirectly produce their actually material life. Throughout history men transform nature to make it better serve their own purposes. According to Marx, all societies go through five stages of history and capitalism is simply a necessary stage between feudalism and the final step of communism. The way in which men create their social organization is based on modes of production. Changes within these societies occur because as the mode of production changes, it no longer fits the present social organization (p. 157). Therefore, a new class and hence a new form of society emerges. During Feudalism merchants were inferior. Nevertheless, as cities grew the number of merchants grew as well. With their increase in number came an increase in economic power. When the state was unwilling to change to their needs, they formed a revolution resulting in capitalism. Weber has a different perspective on why and how capitalism came about. Rather than just focusing on how capitalism came about, he focuses on finding an answer to the question of why capitalism happened where and when it did. When he looked for differences in the capitalist cultures and non-capitalist c...

Cost effective ways to provide clean water water and sanitation for Research Proposal

Cost effective ways to provide clean water water and sanitation for Ethiopia - Research Proposal Example It is a requirement of the human rights law that every person should and must have access to clean water and sanitation services. Several international policies are in place to enforce this expectation. However, the developing countries, including Ethiopia fail to meet the threshold in facilitating this essential right to the citizens. Worldwide today, the statistics are surprisingly high, with over one billion of the humans lacking access to an adequate supply of water, which is twice more than those lacking basic sanitation. Surveys indicate that, unsafe water, insufficient hygiene and inadequate sanitation services account for about 9.1 percent of the worldwide batch of diseases and about 6.3 percent of all deaths. Additionally, children in the developing countries bear a good proportion of this burden and crisis, with water related factors causing over 20 percent of deaths of the people fewer than 14 years of age. Ethiopia has a populace of about 85 million citizens as the last census indicates (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). The capital of the state is Addis Ababa, with several other towns and villages. Like many other developing nations in Africa, the country suffers from deficient infrastructure. Thus, the needs for water and sanitation are severe in this country. It is surprising that, in this country, with such a high population, only 34 percent of this population has access to quality and sufficient water supply. In addition, only 21 percent of this population has access to adequate and affordable sanitation services (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). Factual figures indicate that, about 56 million in Ethiopia lack the basic need of access to safe water for consumption. Moreover, a whooping 67 million habitants of Ethiopia do not have adequate and improved sanitation services (Legesse & Kloos, 2010). This evidence collaborate the observation

Project Evaluation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project Evaluation Report - Essay Example The research carried out at the beginning of the project was quite useful; the development programs were just right and the methodology worked out perfectly for this project. A waterfall methodology was used in the development of the website. All the stages of the methodology proved to be very necessary for the completion of the project to be a success. The website was developed successfully and project finished at the planned time. This report will evaluate whether the development of an online football ticketing and reservation website was successful. The basic purpose of this project was to develop a website that would allow football fans to buy their tickets online as well as make reservations on the games they want to watch beforehand. The purpose was to produce a website using a combination of SQL and CSS development languages and also the use of MS Excel and MS word. Several objectives were defined at the commencement of the project. They included; conducting research to determine the technologies to use in the project as well as specifying the tasks to be carried out in the development of the online booking system and also to determine their deadlines. The basic goal of this project as to create a website where football fans will purchase their tickets as well get to learn of upcoming games whilst booking online from the comfort of their locations. The website was to be developed in such a way as to allow fans to view and log into the website even on their IPhones and other portable internet enabled gadgets. At the end of the project period, several things had to be achieved. A working online ticketing system that will have achieved the objectives and solved the problem statement was the main aim, as well as the submission of the project as a requirement for graduation. The main objectives of this project were to develop an online ticketing system that would also serve to give information to the fans on the upcoming events and also on any

Developing the Professional Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Developing the Professional - Coursework Example Reference List 15 Appendices 17 Appendix A 17 Appendix B 18 Skills and Character Audit In this essay, I will shed light on my personal skill set and try to create a framework with which I can develop my existing skill level up to a greater extent. This document will also try to analyze my character and skill set that I developed during Masters Programme. After auditing my present skill set, I will conduct a personal SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) in order to identify critical skill areas which I need to improve in order to ensure my academic and professional development. Before going to the discussion about my skill level, I will try to shed light on the question that why personal skill development is an essential part for a management professional or for a student pursuing management course? Wilson (2009) pointed out that students in the management course should be encouraged to write reflective essays and such reflective writing helps them to identify their skill gaps. Ertmer and Newby (1996, p. 18) defined importance of reflective skill auditing as â€Å"reflection is critical for transforming the knowledge gained in and on action into knowledge available for action.† ... halyi (1996) and Maani and Maharaj (2004) defined intellectual skills as the combination of linear thinking approaches such as empirical testing, analytic thinking, imagination and visualization, creativity, intuition, holistic evaluation and emotional intelligence. However, I cannot boast myself for having all the above mentioned linear intellectual skill sets but I believe that at present, I am complemented with certain level of intellectual skills. Losada and Heaphy (2004) and Vance et al. (2007) stressed on the fact that modern managers use non-linear dynamic pattern of intellectual thinking in order to solve complex business problems. Hence, it is evident from the discussion that developing intellectual skill plays vital role for a modern day managers. In such context, auditing my intellectual skill set will definitely help me to judge whether I am competent enough to handle corporate world challenge or not? Intellectual (thinking) skills Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly D isagree 1. I am a creative person who can adapt my thinking to circumstances 2. I am able to organise my thoughts, analyse, synthesise and critically appraise situations 3. I can identify assumptions, evaluate statements in terms of evidence, detect false logic or reasoning, identify implicit values, define terms adequately and generalise appropriately The first skill set is identifying my capability of being flexible and creative enough to adapt to the situational demand. I believe that my instinct works in well balance manner when it comes to being creative or develop new thinking. For example, during my MSc program in Management from University of Glamorgan, I got the opportunity to showcase my creative when it comes to preparing project with team members or solving a business case study

The Relationship Between Media and Politics Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Media and Politics Essay Introduction The Access to Information and Privacy Bill, 2001 (Media Bill) is currently being considered by the Zimbabwean Parliament. Passage of this Bill, which is part of a series of restrictive measures proposed by the Government, was recently delayed when the parliamentary legal committee failed to report on it in advance of the second reading, as required by the Constitution of Zimbabwe. This Bill, if passed into law, would severely restrict freedom of expression in Zimbabwe. The timing of the Media Bill, just prior to the presidential elections scheduled for March of this year, makes ARTICLE 19’s concerns about it all the more poignant, given the crucial importance of freedom of expression to free and fair elections. As the name of the Media Bill implies, it does formally establish a right to access information held by public bodies, something ARTICLE 19 welcomes. However, this right is so limited by exclusions and exceptions that its practical impact is likely to be extremely limited. The Media Bill does also impose limits on the collection of personal information by public bodies and the uses to which such bodies may put this information, again something we welcome. However, the bulk of the provisions in the Media Bill have nothing to do with access to information or privacy. Instead, they impose a range of harsh restrictions on media freedom. This gives the impression that the name and information/privacy provisions have been included simply to draw attention away from the real import of the Media Bill. Key problems with the Media Bill are as follows: the exceptions and exclusions to the right to information are so comprehensive as to effectively negate the right; all media outlets and any business disseminating media products or even video or audio recordings must obtain a registration certificate from a government controlled body; all individual journalists must also obtain accreditation from the same body;  all foreign ownership of the media is prohibited and no non-citizen may work as a journalist; and excessive restrictions are imposed on the content of what the media may publish or broadcast. This Memorandum analyses the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Bill, setting out ARTICLE 19’s main concerns, along with recommendations as to how to address them. Our concerns are grouped into five main categories. First, the provisions on freedom of information are seriously undermined by an extensive regime of exclusions and exceptions. Second, the Media Bill allocates broad regulatory powers to an Information and Media Commission but this body is firmly under the control of the Minister responsible for information. Third, all media outlets, as well as those who disseminate information, including through video and audio cassettes, are required obtain a registration certificate from the Commission. Fourth, conditions are placed on who may practise journalism and all journalists are required to obtain accreditation from the Commission. Fifth, the law imposes strict restrictions on media content, including by reintroducing provisions which were recently struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe. International and Constitutional Standards International Guarantees of Freedom of Expression The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is generally considered to be the flagship statement of international human rights, binding on all states as a matter of customary international law. Article 19 of the UDHR guarantees the right to freedom of expression and information in the following terms: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a legally binding treaty which Zimbabwe ratified in 1991, guarantees the right to freedom of opinion and expression in very similar terms to the UDHR, also in Article 19. Zimbabwe is also a party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression at Article 9. These guarantees allow for some restrictions on freedom of expression and information but only where these are prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and are necessary in a democratic society to protect that aim. Constitutional Guarantees Article 20(1) of the Zimbabwean Constitution guarantees freedom of expression in the following terms: Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference, and freedom from interference with his correspondence. As under international law, the Constitution does permit some restrictions on freedom of expression, but only where such restrictions are â€Å"reasonably justifiable in a democratic society† The Importance of Freedom of Expression International bodies and courts have made it very clear that freedom of expression and information is one of the most important human rights. In its very first session in 1946 the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 59(I) which states: Freedom of information is a fundamental human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated. As this resolution notes, freedom of expression is both fundamentally important in its own right and also key to the fulfilment of all other rights. It is only in societies where the free flow of information and ideas is permitted that democracy can flourish. In addition, freedom of expression is essential if violations of human rights are to be exposed and challenged. The importance of freedom of expression in a democracy has been stressed by a number of international courts. For example, the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights has held: Freedom of expression is a basic human right, vital to an individual’s personal development, his political consciousness, and participation in the conduct of public affairs in his  country. Similarly, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights stated: Freedom of expression is a cornerstone upon which the very existence of a democratic society rests. It is indispensable for the formation of public opinion. [I]t can be said that a society that is not well informed is not a society that is truly free. This has repeatedly been affirmed by both the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. 1 Constitutional Rights Project and Media Rights Agenda v. Nigeria, 31 October 1998, Communications 105/93, 130/94, 128/94 and 152/96, para. 52. 2 Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, Advisory Opinion OC-5/85, 13 November 1985, Series A, No. 5, para. 70. The fact that the right to freedom of expression exists to protect controversial expression as well as conventional statements is well established. For example, in a recent case the European Court of Human Rights stated that: According to the Court’s well-established case-law, freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual’s self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to â€Å"information† or â€Å"ideas† that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no â€Å"democratic society†. These statements emphasise that freedom of expression is both a fundamental human right and also key to democracy, which can flourish only in societies where information and ideas flow freely. Media Freedom The guarantee of freedom of expression applies with particular force to the media, including the broadcast media and the Internet. As the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has stated: â€Å"It is the mass media that make the exercise of freedom of expression a reality.†4 Because of their pivotal role in informing the public, the media as a whole merit special protection. As the European Court of Human Rights has held: [I]t is †¦ incumbent on [the press] to impart information and ideas on matters of public interest. Not only does it have the task of imparting such information and ideas: the public also has a right to receive them. Were it otherwise, the press would be unable to play its vital role of ‘public watchdog’. This applies particularly to information which, although critical, is important to the public interest: The press plays an essential role in a democratic society. Although it must not overstep certain bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others and the need to prevent the disclosure of confidential information, its duty is nevertheless to impart – in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities – information and ideas on all matters of public interest [footnote deleted]. In addition, the court is mindful of the fact that journalistic freedom also covers possible recourse to a degree of exaggeration, or even provocation. This has been recognised by the constitutional courts of individual states around the world. For example, the Supreme Court of South Africa has recently held: Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway, 25 November 1999, Application No. 23118/93, para. 43. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, op cit., para. 34. 5 Thorgeirson v. Iceland, 25 June 1992, Application No. 13778/88, para. 63. 6 Fressoz and Roire v. France, 21 January 1999, Application No. 29183/95 (European Court of Human Rights). The role of the press is in the front line of the battle to maintain democracy. It is the function of the press to ferret out corruption,  dishonesty and graft wherever it may occur and to expose the perpetrators. The press must reveal dishonest maland inept administration. It must also contribute to the exchange of ideas already alluded to. It must advance communication between the governed and those who govern. The press must act as the watchdog of the governed. Restrictions on Freedom of Expression The right to freedom of expression is not absolute. Both international law and most national constitutions recognise that freedom of expression may be restricted. However, any limitations must remain within strictly defined parameters. Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights lays down the benchmark, stating: The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. It is a maxim of human rights jurisprudence that restrictions on rights must always be construed narrowly; this is especially true of the right to freedom of expression in light of its importance in democratic society. Accordingly, any restriction on the right to freedom of expression must meet a strict three-part test, approved by both the Human Rights Committee8 and the European Court of Human Rights.9 This test requires that any restriction must a) be provided by law; b) be for the purpose of safeguarding a legitimate public interest; and c) be necessary to secure that interest. The third part of this test means that even measures which seek to protect a legitimate interest must meet the requisite standard established by the term â€Å"necessity†. Although absolute necessity is not required, a â€Å"pressing social need† must be demonstrated, the restriction must be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued, and the reasons given to justify the restriction must be relevant and sufficient.10 In other words, the government, in protecting legitimate interests, must restrict freedom of expression as little as possible. Vague or broadly defined restrictions, even if they  satisfy the â€Å"provided by law† criterion, will generally be unacceptable because they go beyond what is strictly required to protect the legitimate interest. The Freedom of Information Regime Government of the Republic of South Africa v. the Sunday Times, [1995] 1 LRC 168, pp. 175-6. See, for example, Mukong v. Cameroon, 21 July 1994, Communication No. 458/1991, para. 9.7. 9 See, for example, Goodwin v. United Kingdom, 27 March 1996, Application No. 17488/90, paras. 2837. 10 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, 26 April 1979, Application No. 6538/74, para. 62 (European Court of Human Rights). These standards have been reiterated in a large number of cases. The Media Bill establishes a general right to access information held by public bodies (section 5). ARTICLE 19 has long advocated in favour of legislative protection for the right to information and, to that extent, welcomes this development. However, the regime of exceptions is so comprehensive as to render any right to information largely illusory. Furthermore, review of refusals to disclose information are heard by the Information and Media Commission, a body controlled by the government, rather than by an independent body. Several provisions in the Media Bill provide for exceptions. The First Schedule lists a number of bodies to which the Act does not apply (pursuant to section 4). These include, among others, records held by officers of Parliament which relate to their functions, records of an elected local official which are not held by the local body and any record relating to the exercise of the functions of the President. Indeed, the First Schedule formally excludes from the operation of the Act any record which â€Å"has no bearing on the election campaign itself†, thereby restricting the scope of the Act in this regard to the election period, although it is possible that this is a drafting error. Section 9(4)(c)  provides that public bodies do not have to provide information where granting access â€Å"is in the public interest†. This again is presumably a drafting error, with the word â€Å"not† missing from this phrase. Sections 15 – 26 provide for a comprehensive regime of exceptions from the duty to disclose information. Exceptions include all cabinet documents, including draft legislation, advice or recommendations provided to public bodies (with some exceptions) and information whose disclosure would â€Å"affect† relations between different levels of government or which may result in harm to the economic interest of the public body. Pursuant to section 5, non-citizens and any mass media outlet which is not registered do not have any rights under the Act. The Media and Information Commission is responsible for reviewing, upon request, any refusal to grant access to information (sections 9(3) and Part X). ARTICLE 19 is of the view that the right to access information held by public bodies is part of the general right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to seek and receive information. We therefore welcome any moves to provide for this right in national legislation. However, the right to information as provided for in this Bill is so thoroughly undermined by the very broad regime of exclusions and exceptions, as described briefly above, as to render the right essentially nugatory. A detailed analysis of the regime of exceptions and exclusions is not provided in this Memorandum; instead, a general critique is made. Exceptions are only legitimate according to international standards if they meet a strict three-part test as follows: †¢ the information must relate to a legitimate interest clearly defined in the law; †¢ disclosure must threaten to cause substantial harm to that interest; and †¢ the harm to the aim must be greater than the public interest in having the information (in other words, the law must provide for a public interest override).